Energiatõhusa eramu projekteerimine keeruka geoloogiaga pinnasele

Käesoleva lõputöö raames projekteeriti Rütavere külas Tori vallas Pärnu maakonnas asuvale Kinguvahtra kinnistule energiatõhus väikeelamu kasuliku elamispinnaga 204 m2. Elamu projekteerimisel arvestati tellija sooviga, et elamu välisilme peab olema inspireeritud Saksa fachwerk stiilist. Saavutamaks eelmainitud stiili projekteeriti elamu kagu ja edela suunale ehitatavad välisseinad liimpuidust karkassina milles avade „täidisena“ kasutatakse krohviga kaetud soojustatud bauroc müüritist ja klaasi. Elamu kirde ja loode suunal välja ehitatavad seinad on valdavas osas krohviga kaetud soojustatud bauroc ECOTERM+ 375 plokkidest. Elamule projekteeriti fachwerk stiilile omane 30° kaldega laiade eenduvate räästastega katus ja ümbruskonna hea vaadeldavuse tagamiseks rõdud. Projekteerimisel arvestati kõigi kehtestatud detailplaneeringust tulenevate piirangutega. Elamu konstruktsioonide projekteerimise aluseks võeti ehitusseadustik. Käesolevas lõputöös käsitletava elamu konstruktsioonidele sobilikud energiatõhusad lahendused töötati välja KredEx-i poolt koostatud „Liginullenergia eluhooned väikemajade juhend“ energiatõhusate näidislahenduste baasil. Konstruktsioonidele tehti soojusläbivuse arvutused. Elamu avatäidete valikul kasutati Viking Window AS energiatõhusaid lahendusi. Eelpool mainitud konstruktsioonide ja avatäidete info baasil konstrueeriti Revit tarkvara kasutades elamust konstruktiivne 3D mudel. Mudel kohandati IDA ICE programmi jaoks ümber arhitektuurseks mudeliks mis teisendati eelmainitud programmi jaoks sobilikuks IFC failiks. IDA ICE programmiga simulatsiooniarvutuse läbiviimiseks koostati elamule ventilatsioonibilanss, arvutati piirdetarindite joonsoojusläbivused ja õhulekkest tingitud soojuskadu. Arvestati, et elamut hakatakse kütma maasoojuspumpsüsteemiga mis ammutab energia energiakaevust, ventilatsiooniseade valiti rootorsoojustagastiga. IDA ICE programmiga läbi viidud simulatsioonide tulemina saadi teada elamu aastase kütteenergia vajaduse suurus ja ventilatsiooniõhu soojendamisele kuluv energia. Küttekoormuse simulatsiooni alusel valiti elamule kütteseade. Viidi läbi eluruumide suvise ülekuumenemise kontroll. Määruse nr 63 § 16 kohaselt peab energiaarvutuse käigus suvise ruumitemperatuuri kontrolli tegema vähemalt ühele magamistoale ja elutoale. Kuna käesolevale elamule on projekteeritud suured klaaspinnad kagu ja loode suunal (hommiku- ja õhtupäikese mõju), siis nendel suundadel paiknevate eluruumide ülekuumenemine oli ette prognoositav. Eelnevat arvestades tehti käesoleva projekti raames SRTK kõigile elamu kuueteistkümnele ruumile (IDA ICE tsoonile). Simulatsioonide tulemusena selgus, et „kriitilisi“ ruume mis ületasid kontrollperioodi jooksul piirtemperatuuri +27 °C rohkem kui 150 °Ch oli seitse. Kõik SRTK tingimustele mittevastavad eluruumi paiknesid elamu kagu ja loode suunal. Eelmainitud „kriitiliste“ eluruumide ülekuumenemist vähendati passiivsete varjestusmeetmetega. Meetmetena arvestati simulatsioonide läbiviimisel elamule projekteeritud laialt eenduvate räästastega, kagu ja loode suunal väljaehitatud rõdudega, akende ja kahe lükandukse tuulutamise võimalusega ning kinnistul kasvava kõrghaljastusega. Täiendavalt lisati IDA ICE mudelisse horisontaalne varjestus kagu suunal II korrusel paiknevate rõdu uste kohale ja samal suunal kahe korruse vahel paiknevate tuulutusakende kohale. Vastavalt määruse 63 lisale 1 on jahutuse seadeväärtuseks määratud +27 °C. Käesoleva elamu projekteerimisel alandati jahutuse seadeväärtust 2 °C võrra millega tellija on arvestanud. Eelkirjeldatud passiivsete meetmete kasutamine andis simulatsioonide läbiviimisel tulemuse kus elamu kõik eluruumid vastavad SRTK nõuetele. Piiripealseks võib lugeda vannituba kus ületatud kraadtundide arv on 132 °Ch, kuid vannitoa temperatuur võibki olla kõrgem. Lõputöös käsitletava Kinguvahtra elamu energiaarvutuse tulemused on esitatud määrus nr 58 § 30 järgi sama määruse lisa 2 „Energiaarvutuse lähteandmete esitamine“ ja lisa 4 „Energiaarvutuse tulemuste esitamine“ tabelites. Vastavalt energiaarvutuse tulemusele on Kinguvahtra elamu energiatõhususarv ETA = 114 kWh/(m2·a). Määrus nr 36 lisa 3 tabeli 2 skaala kohaselt kuulub väikeelamu köetava pinnaga 120-220 m2 ja energiatõhususarvu väärtusega ETA ≤ 120 kWh/(m2·a) klassi „A“. Seega kuulub käesolevas lõputöös projekteeritud Kinguvahtra elamu energiatõhususarv ETA ilma lokaalselt toodetud elektrita klassi „A“. Elamu kavandatakse ehitada Rütavere külas Tori vallas Pärnu maakonnas asuvale kinnistule. Kinnistu pinnase kihid koosnevad valdavalt nõrgast viirsavist, lisaks paikneb kinnistu kagu poolsel osal Pärnu jõe terrass mis on lihkeohtlik. Lõputöös analüüsiti Kinguvahtra kinnistu ja Pärnu jõe antud piirkonna geoloogiliste uuringute tulemusi. Analüüsi tulemusena otsustati Kinguvahtra elamu rajada vaivundamendile. Projekteeritud elamu koondeelarve koostamise aluseks võeti ehituskulude liigitamise standard EVS 885:2005. Elamu neto ehitusmaksumuseks kujunes 1 647,38 EUR/m². Kokkuvõtteks saab järeldada, et kasutades passiivseid varjestus- ja jahutuslahendusi on ka päikesepoolsesse külge suunatud suurte klaaspindadega elamu võimalik projekteerida liginullenergia nõuetele vastavaks ilma lokaalset elektrit tootmata.

Designing an Energy-Efficient Private House on a Geologically Complex Soil The aim of this thesis is to design an energy-efficient private house on Kinguvahtra property with sophisticated geology in a preliminary project stage. A low-energy house (energy class B) is typically a building that matches the following energy efficiency ratio EER = 140 kWh/(m2·a). The special request of the contracting authority was taken into account while designing the private house, i.e. the exterior had to be inspired by the German fachwerk houses. In order to highlight the aforementioned style, the south-eastern and south-western exterior walls were designed as glued frame wall, where insulated bauroc masonry covered with plaster, and glass are used for filling. A-30°-roof was designed with wide protruding eaves which is typical of fachwerk style, also balconies were designed to guarantee a good visibility of the surroundings. In the designing process all restrictions deriving from the detail planning were taken into account. The private house constructions were designed in accordance with the Building Code. As a basis for developing energy efficient solutions to match the constructions the Enterprise Estonia and KredEx compiled “Near zero energy residential buildings private houses guide” was followed. Heat transfer calculations were constructed on the designed constructions. In terms of opening fillings for the private house, Viking Window AS energy efficient solutions were used. A constructive 3D model of the private house was constructed with the use of Revit software and on the basis of the designed constructions and information on opening fillings. The model was redesigned as a architectural model from which an IFC file was generated in order to import to the IDA ICE programme. To make the calculation in the IDA ICE programme, the airflow balance was calculated along with the linear thermal transmittances of the boundary structures as well as the heat loss, which results from air leaks. The private house is ought to derive its heat from geothermal heat pump system that draws energy from the energy well, the ventilation unit was selected with a rotor heat exchanger. As result of various simulations, the scope of the annual private house heating energy requirement as well as the energy required to heat the ventilation air were found out. Based on the heat load simulation a heating device was chosen for the building. Summertime overheating control was conducted in the living quarters. According to § 16 of Regulation No 63 during the energy calculation the summertime room temperature control (SRTC) has to be conducted at least in one bedroom and living room. As large glass surfaces were designed on the south-eastern and north-western side of the house (the effect of the morning and evening sun) then the overheating in the rooms was predictable. Considering the aforementioned, SRTC was conducted in all sixteen rooms of the house (the IDA ICE zone). As a result of the simulations, 7 “critical” rooms were detected that surpassed the temperature limit of +27 °C more than 150 °Ch. All the living quarters that are non-compliant to the SRTC requirements were located on the south-eastern and north-western side of the private house. The overheating of the so called critical living quarters was decreased with the use of passive shielding measures. During the simulations the wide protruding eaves, the balconies located on the south-eastern and north-western side of the house, windows and two sliding doors offering ventilation possibilities, plus high greenery on the property all were considered as methods. In addition, a horizontal shielding on the south-eastern side was added to the IDA ICE model on top of the balcony doors on the first floor and above the ventilation windows located between two floors on the same direction. According to Regulation No 63 Annex 1 the cooling setpoint is at +27 °C. When designing this private house the cooling setpoint was lowered by 2 °C - the contracting authority had taken this into account beforehand. The use of the aforementioned passive method in the simulations resulted in all the living quarters complying to the SRTC requirements. The bathroom can be considered on the borderline due to 132 °Ch degree hours but a higher bathroom temperature is allowed. The energy calculations of Kinguvahtra private house in the thesis have been presented on the basis of Regulation No 58 § 30 in the tables of the same Annex 2 “Presenting raw data for conducting energy calculations“ and Annex 4 “Presenting the outcome of energy calculations“. Based on the result of the energy calculation the energy efficiency ratio of Kinguvahtra is EER = 114 kWh/(m2·a). According to the scale of table 2 of Annex 3 to Regulation No 36 a small house with 120-220 m2 heated are and energy efficiency ratio EER ≤ 120 kWh/(m2·a) belongs to energy class A. Thus, the energy efficiency ratio EER without a locally produced electricity of Kinguvahtra private house which was designed in this thesis belongs to energy class A. The private house is planned to be built on a property located in Rütavere village, Tori municipality, Pärnu county. The layers of the soil of the property are mainly formed of weak loam. Pärnu river terrace is located on the south-western side of the property, which is also prone to the occurrence of landslides. The results of geologial surveys of Kinguvahtra property and the Pärnu river at that area were analysed in the thesis. Based on the analyses, it was decided that the private house will be built on pile foundation. The standard for classification of construction cost (EVS 885:2005) was used as the basis for budget preparation of the private house. The net construction cost of the private house is 1,647.38 EUR/m². To sum up, it can be concluded that by using passive shielding measures and cooling measures it is possible to design a near zero energy housing with large glass surfaces on the sunny side without producing local energy.